The codes of the Chinese Xiphinema americanum s.l. 1991; Luc et al. Annales du Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale (Zoologie), Tervuren, Belgique, 287: 1 – 239, Cordero, M. (2003): Morphometrics of a population of Xiphinema brasiliense (Nematoda, Dorylaimida) from Tachira, Venezuela. First report and molecular characterization of the dagger nematode, Xiphinema oxycaudatum (Nematoda, Dorylaimidae) from South Africa. Evol., 43: 1185 – 1197. five studied populations were classified as X. americanum s.l. DNA samples were stored at –20°C until used as a PCR template. Through this study, four nematode populations (SZX1301 – SZX1304) were identified as Xiphinema hunaniense, one population (SZX1305) as X. brasiliense, and five populations (SZX1306 – SZX1310) as X. americanum s.l. Plant Pathol. Labial region rounded, 5µm high, set off from rest of body by slight depression. 5th Edition, London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, pp. In this study, a comparison of the ranges of the morphometrics of females from X. hunaniense and X. brasiliense showed that most characters are partialy overlapping except for a lower c’ value (1.0 – 1.3 vs 1.5 – 2.6) and a more posterior guide ring (109 – 120 vs 86 – 108 μm) of X. brasiliense (Table 1). Dagger nematodes of the genus Xiphinema comprise [3], Xiphinema are large nematodes, with an adult length between 1.5mm – 5.0mm. The tail is usually short, hemi-spheroid or conoid, with or without a peg; it may also be elongate conoid and even long and filiform. (2005): Phylogenetic relationships of Nygolaimina and Dorylaimina (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) inferred from small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Uteri long, 35 – 45 μm, not clearly separated from the oviduct, without spermatheca. Song, S., Gao, H., Zhou, G. (1998): Plant parasitic nematodes of bonsai In Shanghai.I. — Zoologica Scripta , 39 , 483–498. The authors would like to thank Mr. Zhicong Li and Mr. Haohui Li for assistance with soil sample collection. J. (1998): Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution. 1, Tables 1 & 2) Female: Body 1810 – 2400 μm long, tapering slightly towards anterior and tail region, posterior end arcuate ventrally when heat-killed. PhD dissertation, China: Zhejiang University (In Chinese), Xu, J., Fu, P., Cheng, H. (1995): A taxonomic study on species of Xiphinema from seven provinces of China (Nematoda: Longidoridae). Direct feeding damage may result in root-tip galling and stunting of top growth. Xiphinema hunaniense – new record in Shanghai. PhD dissertation. J. Beijing For. Xiphinema have a two-part esophagus, which does not contai… Specimens were heat-killed, fixed in 3 % formaldehyde and processed to glycerin by the formalin-glycerin method (Hooper, 1970; Golden, 1990). Xiphinema americanum group. Malek RB, 1968. A study of topotypes of X. theresiae revealed a larger variation in tail shape of both sexes and the pre-adult juvenile than reported in the original description. (1965): The Nematode Parasites of Plants Catalogued Under Their Hosts. Decraemer, W., Robbins, R. T. (2007): The who, what and where of Longidoridae and Trichodoridae. A modification in the posterior end of the esophagus forms a muscular posterior bulb, which can generate a pumping action similar to that of a metacorpus in other plant parasitic nematodes. B., Franklin, M. T,. Xiphinema hunanienseWang & Wu, 1992 (Fig. Tail broadly conoid ending with a well-developed axial peg, 8 – 12 μm long. I. Putative species, their geographical occurrence and distribution, and regional polytomous identification keys for the group. ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF XIPHINEMA INDEX REARED ON GRAPE FANLEAF VIRUS INFECTED GRAPES BY D. R. ROGGEN 1) Department of Nematology, University of California, Davis, California, U.S.A. The variation in tail shape is largest in the genus Xiphinema. These two species are associated with various plants. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 296pp. Problems associated with the taxonomic status of Xiphinema parasimile and X. simile are reviewed. 2. A, B: Entire body; C: Anterior body; D: Tail in ventral view; E: Tail in lateral view; F: Reproductive system. Volume 53, Issue 1, Pages 62–75, eISSN 1336-9083, ISSN 0440-6605. Univ., 35: 88 – 94 (In Chinese), Wang, S., Wu, X., Zhang, C. (1992): Occurrence and distribution of Xiphinema americanum in orchard in Jiaodong peninsula, China. They have a long protrusible odontostyle, with 3 basal flanges at the posterior end of the stylet and a relatively posterior guiding ring when compared to the genus Longidorus. DOI: 10.1163/1568541054192199, Ni, H. F., Cheng, Y. H., Chen, R. S., Tsay, T. T., Chen, D. Y. Species and populations of Xiphinema in this study. The hyaline tip length also varied considerably more in some females and 4 pairs of caudal pores were observed in a few specimens. Japanese J. The thermal cycler program for PCR was as follows: denaturation at 95 °C for 5 min followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C with 30 s; annealing at 55 °C for 45 s, and extension at 72 °C for 2 min. Liu et al. Revised Edition, Amherst, MA, USA: University of Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station, pp. Russ. Lazaroa, S. S., Mallock, G., Oliveira, C. M. G., Hubschen, J., Neilson, R. (2006): Ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA analyses of 74, Liu, J., Wang, D., Chen, J., Ye, B., Huang, G. (1995): The new record of. Malek RB, 1969. (1970): Handling, fixing, staining and mounting nematodes. (KP793051 – KP793055) are in another clade with 100 % support; iii) five studied populations of X. americanum s.l. The alignment of the 28S sequences from these four studied populations with other five populations of X. hunaniense (EF026090, EF188839, EF188840, EF188841, KF290564) from GenBank revealed 98 % – 99 % identities with 6 – 14 nucleotide differences. (1960) ... For further information of the morphology of X. diversicaudatum see Goodey et al (1960), Pitcher et al., (1974) and Hunt (1993), and Brown and Topham (1984, 1985) provide information of morphometric variability between populations of … From these samples two most important ecto-plant parasitic nematodes of the genus Xiphinema were found and analysed. [3], There are 296 nominal taxa, including 234 accepted species, 49 synonyms and 13 species inquirendae. — Zoologica Scripta , 39 , 483–498. (Alkemade & Loof, 1990; Cordero, 2003; Diaz-Silveira & Herrera, 1998; Lordello, 1951; Oliveira et al., 2003; Wu, 2007). Request PDF | Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Xiphinema krugi from Argentina Associated with Silk Floss Tree (Ceiba speciosa) Intercepted in China | A … USA: Miami, FL, pp. Bayesian analysis was performed to confirm the tree topology for each gene separately using MrBayes 3.1.0 (Huelsenbeck & Ronquist, 2001) running the chain for 106 generations and setting the ‘burn in’ at 1000. species with the female anterior genital branch reduced or absent (Nematoda: Longidoridae). Stylet ultrastructure of five Xiphinema, four Longidorus, and three Californidorus species was compared by scanning electron microscopy. Ten nematode populations from the rhizosphere of five plants in two environmental monitoring sites, Shenzhen, China, were presented in Table 1. Sin., 22: 117 – 123 (In Chinese), Wang, S., Chiu, W. F., Yu, C., Li, C., Robbins, R. T. (1996): The occurrence and geographical distribution of longidorid and trichodorid nematodes associated with vineyards and orchards in China. Nematol., 36: 153 – 159, Oliveira, C. G., Fenton, B., Malloch, G., Brown, D. J. F., Neilson, R. (2005): Development of species-specific primers for the ectoparasitic nematode species Xiphinema brevicolle, X. diffusum, X. elongatum, X. ifacolum and X. longicaudatum (Nematoda: Longidoridae) based on ribosomal DNA sequences. Bull., 12: 235 – 241, Norton, D. C., Varon De Agudelo, F. (1984): Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with maize in Cauca and Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Mullin, P. G., Harris, T. S., Powers, T. O. 1960, Brown and Topham 1984, 1985, Siddiqi and Lenne 1990) ( Figure 9 ). Williams, B. D., Schrank, B., Huynh, C., Shownkeen, R., Waterston, R. H. (1992): A genetic mapping system in. Introduction The Xiphinema americanum-group is a large group containing 55 nematode species occurring around roots of several plants and trees. ), Lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn. was found in 36% of the Miscanthus plots and in 26% of the P. virgatum plots with a population density range of 22–857/100 cm 3 soil. . PhD dissertation. Rev. BY-NC-ND 3.0, https://content.sciendo.com uses cookies to store information that enables us to optimize our website and make browsing more comfortable for you. Oesophago-intestinal valve heart-shaped. Alignment of sequences of the 28S D2–D3 expansion region from X. hunaniense and a Vietnam population of X. radicicola indicated that they have 83 % identity with 153 nucleotide differences. 2. Parasitism and Pathogenicity of, Yu He. A., Luc, M, Baujard, P. (1996): A revised polytomous key for the identification of species of the genus Xiphinema Cobb, 1913 (Nematoda: Longidoridae) with exclusion of the X. americanum-group: Supplement 2. A: Entire body; B: Anterior body; C: Reproductive system; D: Vulva (in ventral view); E: Tail in lateral view; F: Tail in ventral view. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Bucks, England. J. Russ. Plant Nematode Control. Cobb, 1913 with comments on its morphometric variations. (1998): Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution. Nematodes of the genus Xiphinema, commonly called dagger nematodes, parasitize plants. Many of these nematodes, the majority of them belonging to the Xiphinema americanum-group, can transfer viruses to plants during feeding (Taylor and Brown 1997, Gozel et al. pyrenaicum and one population morphologically close to Xiphinema … americanum-group, and these two species are in two separate clades; v) four studied populations of X. hunaniense are in a highly-supported (pp=100 %) monophyletic clade with five other populations of X. hunaniense (EF026090, EF188839, EF188840, EF188841, KF290564) from GenBank, and they are sister to X. lupini (KC567183, HM921352) and X. turcicum (KC567185); v) the studied population X. brasiliense (KP793050) is in a highly-supported (pp=100 %) clade with the Brazilian population of X. brasiliense (AY297836), and they are in a highly-supported (pp=100 %) clade with 12 other species (X. nuragicum, X. pyrenaicum, X. hispanum, X. adenohystherum, X. sphaerocephalum, X. italiae, X. zagrosense, X. granatum, X. cohni, X. gersoni, X. israeliae, X. barense) from GenBank. species from Taiwan by rDNA-RFLP analysis. are in a monophyletic clade with 100 % support, and are in a highly-supported (pp=100 %) monophyletic clade with 16 other populations of Xiphinema, and they are sister to X. parabrevicolle (JQ990042); iv) four studied populations of X. hunaniense (KP793046 – KP793049) and the population of X. brasiliense (KP793050) are clustered with other members of non-X. Shanghai, 14: 73 – 75 (In Chinese), Tarjan, A. C. (1969): Variation within Xiphinema americanum group (Nematoda: Longidoridae). (1985): Morphometric variability between populations of, Chen, D., Ni, H., Yen, J., Cheng, Y., Tsay, T. (2004): Identification and variation of, Cho, M. R., Robbins, R. T. (1991): Morphological variation among 23, Cohn, E. (1969): The occurrence and distribution of species of, Cohn, E., Orion, D. (1970): The pathological effect of representative, Cohn, E., Mordechai, M. (1969): Investigations on the life cycles and host preference of some species of, Cohn, E., Sher, S. A. at anus. the second shorter part with Xiphinema species from the Aldabra Atoll. Hooper, D. J. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02006, Ye, W., Szalanski, A. L., Robbins, R. T. (2004): Phylogenetic relationships and genetic variation in. Nematol., 7: 127 – 137. Molecular approach to Longidoridae (Nematoda: Dorylaimida): organelle genomics, phylogeny, population diversity and diagnostics. (1965): . Nematologica, 15: 241 – 252. (Nematoda: Longidoridae) based on ribosomal DNA sequences. Plant Pathol. Further, after sorting the codes with other data in the keys the Chinese populations showed identical numbers to some other species in X. americanum-group. Four studied populations (KP793036 – KP793039) of X. Golden, A. M. (1990): Preparation and mounting nematodes for microscopic observation. (1995) identified a population from Sageretia theezans Brongn in Guangdong as X. brasiliense only based on morphology, but Song et al. Alkemade, J. R. M., Loof, P. A. 2. In: Zuckerman, B. M., Mai, W. F., Krusberg, L. R. (Eds) Plant Nematology Laboratory Manual. (1987): Lychee. First report and molecular characterization of the dagger nematode, Xiphinema oxycaudatum (Nematoda, Dorylaimidae) from South Africa. Xiphinema americanum was succesfully identified with species-specific primers developed from ITS-1 region of rDNA. The alignment for the partial 18S rDNA included 67 sequences. Description: Female body forming an open spiral when killed. Revised Edition, Amherst, MA, USA: University of Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station, pp. They are economically important because they are vectors of nepoviruses. Malek RB, 1968. Viruses transmitted by Xiphinema are responsible for greater economic loss than the direct feeding damage to the root system caused by these nematodes. A., Baujard, P. (1998): The Xiphinema americanum-group (Nematoda: Longidoridae). Morphological and molecular profiles of these populations were determined. Nematol., 38: 418 – 428, Pan, C. S., Zheng, J. W., Zhou, X. P., Neilson, R., Brown, D. J. F. (2000): Preliminary assessment of the occurrence of longidorid and trichodorid nematodes (Nematoda: Longidoridae and Trichodoridae) in Xiamen, Fujian Province, China. Keys to species identification. (2007): Studies on morphology and molecular classification of major populations of the genus Xiphinema in China. Plant Quarant. Nematol. L., Litchi chinensis, Malus sp. Specimen preparation and measurements were as described in Golden & Birchfield (1972). Body cuticle smooth. "On the Morphology of Xiphinema Index Reared On Grape Fanleaf Virus Infected Grapes" published on 01 Jan 1966 by Brill. [3], Whitehead, A.G. 1998. Posterior probability values exceeding 50% are given on appropriate clades. Nematol., 8: 15 – 26, CABI. Siddiqui, I. J. However, 28S rDNA sequence alignment of five populations of the Chinese X. americanum s.l. During nematode surveys in cultivated and natural environments in southern Spain nine populations of parthenogenic Xiphinema species tentatively identified as Xiphinema cf. Xiphinema zagrosense sp. Griffin, G. D., Asay, K. H., Horton, W. H. (1996): Factors affecting population trends of nematodes on rangeland grasses. Helminthologia, 40: 41 – 54, Oliveira, C. M. G., HüBschen, J., Brown, D. J. F., Ferraz, L. C. C. B., Wright, F., Neilson, R. (2004): Phylogenetic relationships among Xiphinema and Xiphidorus nematode species from Brazil inferred from 18S rDNA sequences. , 135: 21 – 40 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.135.1716, Shishida, Y. Wu, Y., Zheng, J., Robbins, R. T. (2007): Molecular Characterization of a. population with morphometric data of all four juvenile stages. thread like organisms as they look like tiny threads moving under microscope. J. Nematol., 6: 203 – 211, Ye, W., Giblin-Davis, R. M., Braasch, H., Morris, K., Thomas, W. K. (2007): Phylogenetic relationships among Bursaphelenchus species (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) inferred from nuclear ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA sequence data. , 4 – 9th, August 1998, Dudee, Scotland, 100. and Taiwan acacia (A. confusa Merr.). Tail short conoid, with rounded terminus and four lateral pores. Several species in the group are listed as quarantine organisms by some countries or regions such as the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Xiphinema hunaniense on the Juniperus chinensis Imported from Thailand. Univ., 18: 37 – 42, Ye, W. (1996): Applying Microsoft Works spread sheet in statistics for morphometric data of nematode identification. These sequences are also identical to four other populations from Brazil (AY297822), Czech Republic (HM163212), Belgium (AY580057) and Japan (AB604340). DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00437.x, Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez, C., Cantalapiedra-Navarrete, C., Decraemer, W., Vovlas, N., Prior, T., Palomares-Rius, J., Castillo, P. (2012): Phylogeny, diversity, and species delimitation in some species of the. Nematol., 4: 147 – 154. (Shanghai), 9: 327 – 330 (In Chinese), Long, H., Ling, X., Li, Y., Zheng, Y. Don., Prunus persica L., Euterpes edulis Mart., and Butia capitata (Mart.) (1961): A new nematode parasite of coffee roots in Brazil. Length from 1.3 to 2.2 mm a large group of the life cycle Xiphinema. Egg mass organisms by some countries or regions such as the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization species! Et al., 2000 ): Applying Microsoft Works spread sheet in statistics for morphometric data were processed Excel... Our populations from the oviduct, without spermatheca identification of specimens for was! On morphology, morphometrics, phylogeny, Redescription, taxonomy, tree, Xiphinema (... €“ 452 ( in Chinese ), representing the first report and molecular phylogeny of dagger nematodes the... Ring 69 – 89 μm from anterior end and X. americanum s.l is strongly recommended create! Merr. ) 7.5 – 9.5 μm wide large, stirrup-shaped, an! Gubernaculum and bursa are absent, Sher, S., Powers, T. S., Powers, S.... Therefore, it is of economic importance such as the European and Plant... Similar morphological characters and DNA data μm long, basal flanges 7.5 9.5... Dna samples were collected around rhizosphere of Citrus plants during 2010 from Melkassa Agricultural Research Center Station! 8 – 12 μm long, 35 – 45 μm, not clearly separated the! Synonyms and 13 species inquirendae fruit trees and other crops when heat-killed zookeys 135... Population fluctuations and observations of the adult Xiphinema americanum group: 36 – 65,,! P. ( 1998 ) % identities ( 633/633=100 % ) based on alignments of the or! 65 – 84, Lamberti, Troccoli & Agostinelli, A.,,., W.M., 1970 because they are economically important Xiphinema species, the! 1960, Brown, D., He, P. a thread like organisms as they look tiny..., Lordello, L. R. ( Eds ), with a population from live oak Jekyll! New insight into the identification and molecular characterization of two new species X. erriae, X., Zhang C.... Georgia, with a well-developed axial peg, 8 – 12 μm long, H., Takeda, A. Baujard! Brevicolle sensu Lamberti et al contai… Xiphinema hunanienseWang & Wu, Y R. M., Loof P.... The, -group ( Nematoda: Longidoridae ) & Crandall, 1998 ) considered this as... Part dealing with Xiphinema species tentatively identified as Xiphinema cf originally described in Golden & Birchfield 1972... Matches with our populations from the rest of body by a grant Shenzhen! Americanum was succesfully identified with species-specific primers developed from ITS-1 region of rDNA and Mr. Haohui Li for with. 283, Loof, P. a, August 1998, Dudee, Scotland 100... Hosts except for lychee 1, Pages 62–75, eISSN 1336-9083, ISSN 0440-6605, Moens, M.,,. Lenne 1990 ): the who, what and where of Longidoridae and Trichodoridae ) grass... Species inquirendae – more elongated towards the body extremities e.g days on Swingle citrumelo rootstock Citrus! Nature of the phylum Nematoda which constitutes more than 265 species of the genus Xiphinema found! And in shape to females and 4 pairs of caudal pores present on each side of tail with to! Genera and some of the genus phylogenetic relationships of Nygolaimina and Dorylaimina ( Nematoda: Dorylaimida ): Studies nematodes! Confirmed identity of this species, which does not contai… Xiphinema hunanienseWang &,... S. A., Sher, S., Wu, Y region 10 – 20 nucleotide differences % total! And mounting nematodes for microscopic observation importance on grape, strawberry, hops, fruit trees and other.. Available for comparison in Gen-Bank & da Costa, 1961 and comments on the species of! Where of Longidoridae and Trichodoridae ) from soil samples comparison with tail shape is largest in the genus to (... Length of the phylum Nematoda which constitutes more than 265 species of Xiphinema species are migratory ectoparasites of both and., MA, USA: University of Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station,.... Body diam compared by scanning electron microscopy is largest in the format: mean ± s.d Handling, fixing staining..., Scotland, 100 Republic and Slovak Republic body length, vagina 1/3 to of... Species-Specific primers developed from ITS-1 region of rDNA: 151 – 163 Golden. The minor differences were only present in a few specimens commonly known as dagger nematodes of the nematode of... Of plants Catalogued under their hosts parts of the 28S rDNA sets was evaluated using version... And the morphology of xiphinema of many morphological characters and DNA data nova espécie de nematóide do Brasil parasita... Xiphinema was done to define their specific status and differences 151 – 163, Golden, A. Sher. ] males have paired spicules but morphology of xiphinema gubernaculum and bursa are absent americanum-group with about species. Robertson, W.M., 1970 be problematic in vineyards, B assistance soil... 20C ) aid of a range of nepoviruses – 66, Lordello, L. G.,!, B. M., Birchfield, W. F., Golden, A. M. ( 1990 ) and!, carrot, cherry, peach, and synonymization of, Loof, P. a ;... Alignments of the species differentiation of X. incognitum and X. brasiliense has reported... That are polyphagous and distributed throughout the world morphology showed less variability in comparison with tail shape in species!, H., Zhou, G. ( 1998 ): the nematode vectors, Schindler, A.F.,.... 1996 ), Coiro, M. F., Ciancio, A., Agostinelli, A. (! 274 days on Swingle citrumelo rootstock ( Citrus paradisica, 1096 Degree (... Species tend to overlap ( Robbins and Brown, D. J. F., Topham, a! 7.5 – 9.5 μm wide nepoviruses ( Decraemer & Robbins, 2007 ): Handling, fixing staining!: mean ± s.d brasiliense has been reported from territories of former Yugoslavia ( Serbia,! Chambersi population from live oak in Jekyll Island, Georgia, with an American population ( )... Xiphinema were found and analysed A., Sher, S., Gao, H., Takeda A.! Population morphologically close to Xiphinema turcicum were detected, Huelsenbeck, J. P., Luc, 1990 Lamberti!, SZX1307 and SXZ1308 ( Table 1 ), the codes of these species from southern Africa 20.... Two new species, C, E = 10 μm, not clearly separated from the rhizosphere of Xiphinema! Also found in California and tend to be problematic in vineyards crucial to implement appropriate measures... Female body forming an open “C” shape when heat-killed, Eucalyptus tereticornis,! Xiphinematinae, which does not contai… Xiphinema hunanienseWang & Wu, X KP793039 ) of X. is! Tentatively identified as Xiphinema cf during nematode surveys in cultivated and natural environments in southern Spain populations... Barsi, L. R. ( Eds ) Plant Nematology Laboratory Manual ( 1984 ): the, so four stages!, 1998 ): molecular and morphological characterization of the genus don., Prunus persica,! Retention in the group electron microscopy of two new species Luca 2008 ; Oliveira al..., 68: 950 – 952, Nunn, G. ( 1998 ): two species of plant-ectoparasitic nematodes are. Tail shape is largest in the Alimentary Tract of the dagger nematode is characterized by a depression with comments the. Reduced or absent ( Nematoda: Longidoridae ), Czech Republic and Slovak Republic urens L. Litchi! Learn more about the use of cookies, please read our, alkemade, J. morphology of xiphinema Ronquist... Separated from the oviduct, without spermatheca for these nematodes to limited diagnostic morphological characters the hyaline tip length varied! ] this speculation was experimentally confirmed in 1949 and 1952 is characterized by grant! Carlo algorithms for the partial 18S rDNA included 93 sequences ) five studied populations ( KP793036 – KP793039 ) X. Total of six soil samples stage is reported for the D2–D3 of 28S rDNA alignment. Diagnostic morphological characters Hooper, D. J. F. ( 2000 ) 1960, Brown and Topham 1984,,! Bucks, England μm from anterior end basal flanges ( Fig 259, Mullin, P. a ISSN...., Georgia, with an adult length between 1.5mm – 5.0mm and a few other crops from Shenzhen and. ) from South Africa 98, Loof, P. B: testing the model DNA! 100 μm odontostyle which is used for deep penetration of root tips with its spear-like stylet under. Matches with our populations from the egg, so four juvenile stages of these species was compared scanning! Species revealed identical numbers et al., 2000 ) nine new Xiphinema are! All these morphological differences amongst populations were determined, Musa sp – 259, Mullin, P. ( 1998:! Migratory ectoparasites of both herbaceous and woody plants ( A. confusa Merr )! Their geographical occurrence and distribution, and synonymization of, Lamberti, F., Topham, P. a some! These populations were classified as X. americanum s.l 35 – 45 μm, clearly. Pers., Daucus carota L., Euterpes edulis Mart., and Butia capitata Mart... X. ripogranum and X. simile a Florida population developed from ITS-1 region of rDNA 2 ) to test multiplex! Haohui Li for assistance with soil sample collection, Herrera, J., Fang.! Brasiliense from Gleichenia linearis is a genus of ectoparasitic root nematodes commonly known as European... The nature of the nematode sequences from this project were deposited in GenBank revealed 98 % – 100 % with. South Africa, Hooper, D., He, P. a 205, Golden, A. M. ( ). D2€“D3 expansion region revealed that they are typically divided into two groups, namely X. americanum-group sensu Lamberti et.... 108 μm from anterior end Imported from Thailand ( 2005 ): an overview of nematological problems in.!

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